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OpenGL and Vulkan examples; ptr(int)/int(ptr); trailing commas in calls; drop .fn hint
- examples/opengl.fch: OpenGL 3.3 core, shaders, VAO/VBO, a spinning triangle (checked offscreen) - examples/vulkan.fch: instance, GPUs with properties/memory/queues, logical device and queue - ptr(n) and int(p) conversions for C APIs that pass offsets as pointers - .ptr works on string literals; a comma after the last call argument is allowed - a missing header included by an imported header is now named in the error - the old .fn extension hint is gone (Finch is new, there are no old files) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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22 changed files with 357 additions and 26 deletions
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@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ unary = ( "-" | "!" | "~" ) unary | postfix ;
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postfix = primary { "." IDENT [ args ] | "[" expr "]" } ;
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primary = INT | FLOAT | STRING | CHAR | "true" | "false" | "null"
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| IDENT [ args ] | "(" expr ")" | "[" [ expr { "," expr } [","] ] "]" ;
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args = "(" [ arg { "," arg } ] ")" ; arg = [ IDENT ":" ] expr ;
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args = "(" [ arg { "," arg } [","] ] ")" ; arg = [ IDENT ":" ] expr ;
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```
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**Statement termination.** After a statement, `endOfStatement()` requires `}`, end of file, or a token
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@ -343,6 +343,7 @@ int + float → float; f32 + f64 → f64. There is no C integer promotion: `u8 +
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| `[]u8`/`[]char` → str | `finch_str_from_bytes` |
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| ptr → str | `finch_str_from_c` (borrowed, `cap = -1`) |
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| ptr ↔ ptr | nothing |
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| int → ptr / ptr → int | `inttoptr` / `ptrtoint` |
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### Comparisons
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@ -244,6 +244,8 @@ str(42) // "42" (also floats, bools, chars; str([]u8) turns bytes into
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int("42") // 42 (stops the program if the text isn't a number)
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float("2.5") // 2.5
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ptr(p) // a typed pointer as an untyped one
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ptr(16) // a number as a pointer (C APIs that pass offsets as pointers, like OpenGL)
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int(p) // a pointer as a number (its address)
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str(p) // a C char pointer as text
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```
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@ -345,6 +347,7 @@ fn no_result(str message) { // no "->": returns nothing
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To change the caller's variable, pass a pointer: see [Pointers](#14-pointers).
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- A function with `-> type` must return a value on every path. Finch checks this.
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- A function cannot be defined inside another function.
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- Long calls can be split over several lines inside the brackets; a comma after the last argument is fine.
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---
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@ -604,6 +607,30 @@ fn main() {
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To give C a function to call back (like `qsort`'s comparator), use `addr(myFunction)`.
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Its parameters must be C types (numbers, pointers, C structs).
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### Graphics: OpenGL and Vulkan
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Both work directly; `examples/opengl.fch` and `examples/vulkan.fch` are complete programs.
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- **OpenGL 3+** on Linux: the modern functions (`glCreateShader`, `glGenVertexArrays`, …) are only
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declared when `GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES` is defined. Finch can't define C macros, so put the includes in a
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tiny header next to your program and import that:
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```c
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// opengl.h
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#define GL_GLEXT_PROTOTYPES
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#include <GL/gl.h>
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#include <GL/glext.h>
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#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
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```
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Then `import "opengl.h"`, `link "glfw"`, `link "GL"`. Out-parameters use `addr(...)`
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(`glGenBuffers(1, addr(vbo))`), buffer data uses `.ptr` (`vertices.ptr`), and byte offsets use
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`ptr(...)` (`glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, stride, ptr(8))`).
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- **Vulkan**: `import "vulkan/vulkan.h"` and `link "vulkan"`. Vulkan's create-info structs are built with
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named fields (missing ones are zero), handles are `ptr`, and lists come from the usual "call twice"
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pattern: once for the count, once with `list.ptr` after `list.resize(count)`. Function-like macros such as
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`VK_MAKE_API_VERSION` aren't available; compute the number instead (`1 << 22` is Vulkan 1.0).
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### What does not work yet
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- C **unions** by value, and structs with **bit fields** by value (pointers to them work).
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@ -680,7 +707,7 @@ Finch/
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├── src/ the compiler (C++)
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├── runtime/ finch_rt.c: the small runtime (text, arrays, input, files)
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├── boot/ the Finch compiler written in Finch (see the engineers' guide)
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├── examples/ hello, tour, types, structs, todo, guess, c_import, window, raylib, llvm
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├── examples/ hello, tour, types, structs, todo, guess, c_import, window, opengl, vulkan, raylib, llvm
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├── tests/
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│ ├── run/ programs + the exact output they must print (.out), input (.in)
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│ ├── fail/ programs that must fail, with the expected error in line 1
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