# LDLS — the Linux Driver Layer for SchOS SchOS cannot write a driver for every device that exists. No project can. The only route to the hardware support an established system has is to run someone else's drivers, and in practice "someone else's drivers" means Linux's. [hybrid.md](hybrid.md) built the mechanisms for this and said so in as many words — MMIO, DMA, interrupts and config space to a process, with SchOS's own drivers as the first consumers so the interface would be general rather than a hole shaped like something foreign. `vgpud` proved it. **LDLS is what those mechanisms were built for.** --- ## The rules These are the spine. Everything below is an implementation of them, and anything that violates one is wrong however well it works. ### 1. Nothing GPL ever enters an image we build The driver is **the user's**, obtained by them, loaded on their machine. SchOS ships the layer and never the thing it loads. This is not a new position — it was decided on 2026-08-08 and is written up in [../architecture/devices.md](../architecture/devices.md) and [../licensing.md](../licensing.md) §2: > Apache-2.0 code and GPL-2.0-only code cannot be combined into one > distributable work. It is not a matter of taste or of how carefully the files > are kept apart in the tree. `RAMDISK_EXCLUDE` and `NOTPORTS` are the existing mechanisms that keep this true mechanically rather than by intention, and LDLS must stay inside them. ### 2. It runs in a process, never in the kernel Two independent reasons, and either alone would decide it. **Legally**, a module linked into our kernel is the strongest derivative-work argument that exists — it is the case the FSF has always made. A module combined with our shim *inside a user process, on the user's machine, at their direction* is a different thing at arm's length, and it is the position FreeBSD has shipped from for about a decade: a BSD-licensed `linuxkpi` in base, GPL `drm-kmod` installed by the user from ports. **Practically**, this is foreign code. A driver we did not write, cannot fully audit and did not choose the quality of, running with the machine's memory in reach, is exactly the code that should not be able to take the machine down. Crash isolation is not a nicety here; it is the reason. ### 3. Facts, not expression The shim has to present Linux's internal API, and that API is expressed in GPL headers. The line LDLS holds: | | | |---|---| | A symbol exists, and takes these arguments | **fact** — reproduce it | | A struct has these fields in this order at these offsets | **fact** — a compiled driver indexes them, so there is no other way to express it | | The comment above it | **expression** — never | | The macro body, the inline function body, the implementation | **expression** — never | Every KPI file records where its shape came from. Not decoration: it is the difference between a clean-room reimplementation and a transcription, and the only time anyone will ask is the time it matters. This is the same discipline [../licensing.md](../licensing.md) §5 already describes — *"the xHCI, USB, PCI, fbdev and ELF specifications were all read and implemented directly, which is why those drivers have no licence entanglement at all"* — applied to a case where the specification is thinner. > **Not legal advice, and it should be checked by someone whose job that is > before anything ships.** The reasoning rests on interfaces being outside > copyright (EU Software Directive Art. 1(2)) and on *Google v. Oracle* (2021), > and neither is a blanket permission. ### 4. One kernel version at a time, pinned and named Linux states in writing that it has no stable in-kernel ABI — `Documentation/process/stable-api-nonsense.rst` exists to say so. Believing them is cheaper than being surprised by them. So LDLS targets **one version**, says which, and is re-pinned deliberately. FreeBSD's LinuxKPI does exactly this per drm-kmod release. A layer that claims to support "Linux drivers" without a version is claiming something nobody has ever delivered. ### 5. The unresolved-symbol list is the specification Do not guess the API surface. **Load a real module and let the loader say what is missing.** That list is the work queue, it is exact, and it is available before a single line of shim is written. --- ## What it is made of Four pieces, of which three are ordinary and one is the project. ### The loader — ours, clean, and small A `.ko` is a relocatable ELF64 object. Loading one is: lay out the allocatable sections, apply the relocations, resolve the undefined symbols against a table, and find the entry point. SchOS already parses ELF in `kernel/fs/exec.c`, for a different object type but with the same plumbing. There is no licence question here at all — ELF is a published specification and so is the relocation set. ### The KPI — the shim, and the actual work Our Apache-2.0 reimplementation of the Linux symbols a given driver needs, organised under Linux's own header names so it is navigable: `kpi/slab.h`, `kpi/pci.h`, `kpi/netdevice.h`. Rule 3 governs every file. ### The back end — already built `/dev/pci`: `PCIIOC_INFO`, `PCIIOC_CLAIM`, `PCIIOC_CFG`, `mmap` of a BAR, `PCIIOC_DMA`, `PCIIOC_IRQ`. A Linux driver's `pci_iomap`, `dma_alloc_coherent` and `request_irq` land on these, which is the whole reason they were specified in terms of PCI devices rather than in terms of drivers. ### The class bridge — the one new kernel interface This is the piece that does not exist, and it is the interesting one. A hosted driver produces packets in a process. SchOS's network stack consumes them through `struct netdev_ops` in the kernel — `transmit`, `receive`, `mac`, `link_up`, four entries and nothing else. So what is missing is a **netdev whose backend is a process**: the kernel publishes the vtable, the four calls are forwarded over a descriptor, and lwIP never learns that the driver is not in the kernel. It is the exact analogue of what `display_ops` was for the GPU, and `netdev.h`'s own opening comment already anticipates the shape — *"the stack should ask for the network interfaces and get whatever is bound … exactly as a compositor asks for the display and does not care which driver answers."* One device, one process, claimed and released, on the `/dev/pci` discipline. --- ## Milestones | | | | |---|---|---| | **L0** | **The loader.** Parse a real `.ko`, lay it out, relocate it, and **print every unresolved symbol**. Nothing executes. The output is the measured API surface. | | | **L1** | **Stubs.** Every symbol resolves, to a function that logs its name and stops. `init_module` runs and dies at the first real call — which yields the *call order*, the second thing you need and the other thing you cannot guess. | | | **L2** | **The hardware.** `probe()` receives a working `struct pci_dev`, maps its BARs, allocates coherent DMA and registers an interrupt, all through `/dev/pci`. The driver reaches its device. | | | **L3** | **A packet.** The process-backed netdev, wired to the driver's transmit and receive paths. **`ping` over a Linux driver.** This is the milestone that proves the whole idea and the one that cannot be skipped. | | | **L4** | **Kill it.** The host process dies, the kernel clears bus mastering and reclaims the DMA, a new host starts and the interface comes back. | free — H2 built all of this | L4 is listed for completeness rather than as work. `pciuser_stop()`, `pciuser_release_all()` and `KeepAlive` already do it, and that they apply unchanged to a foreign driver is the point of having built them against our own. ### The first target: `8139too`, not `r8169` The obvious choice is a Realtek `r8169`, because that silicon is everywhere. It is the wrong first choice for one decisive reason: **QEMU cannot emulate it**, so L0 through L3 would have no way to be tested, and a driver layer developed against hardware you cannot run is a layer nobody can debug. QEMU emulates `rtl8139`. `8139too` is small, self-contained, needs no firmware blob, and uses the thin `mii` helpers rather than dragging in phylib — which `r8169` does, and which is a substantial surface on its own. So: **`8139too` to build the layer, `r8169` to prove it was general.** The second is the interesting one and it is much cheaper once the first works. This is the `/dev/pci` lesson applied backwards. There, a native driver was the first consumer so the interface would not be shaped like something foreign. Here the interface is fixed by Linux, and what is chosen instead is the *smallest real consumer that can be tested* — because the risk is no longer designing the wrong interface, it is building a hundred stubs nobody has ever run. --- ## What it will not do - **It is not a security boundary, and here that is worse than usual.** There is no IOMMU, so a hosted driver can point its device at any physical address. For SchOS's own drivers that isolates bugs and not intent, which [hybrid.md](hybrid.md) says at length. For *foreign* drivers the distinction between bug and intent is one we are in no position to make at all. This is the single strongest argument for an IOMMU that this project has produced, and it should be recorded as such rather than waved past. - **No answer yet on `EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL`.** Linux marks much of its internal API GPL-only and modules carry `MODULE_LICENSE`. A layer that supplies those symbols while asserting a licence it does not hold would be a deliberate circumvention, and LDLS must not do that. What it should do instead — refuse such modules, or simply not claim to be Linux and let the user decide what they load on their own machine — is **undecided**, and is the first thing to take real advice on. - **No firmware loading.** `request_firmware` is a stub that fails. Many drivers need a blob, most blobs are redistributable only under their own terms, and that is a second licensing problem which is not this one. - **No module-to-module dependencies.** One object, no `depmod`, no symbol exports between hosted modules. - **No sysfs, procfs or debugfs.** Drivers that only *report* through them will work; drivers that are *configured* through them will not. - **No unload.** `module_exit` is never called; the way to stop a driver is to kill the process, which H2 made a supported operation rather than a failure. - **No sleeping-context fidelity.** Linux drivers assume a kernel's rules about what may sleep, what runs in interrupt context and what `spin_lock_irqsave` costs. A process has different rules, and where they differ the shim will be wrong in ways that show up as rare races rather than as failures to build. This is the deepest technical risk in the whole plan. - **It will not support "Linux drivers".** It will support *one driver, on one kernel version, that has been tried*. Anything beyond that is a claim, and the list of what has actually been run belongs in the architecture document when there is one.