On the first real machine with a discrete card (an RTX 3060, 800x600 from
the UEFI GOP) the console was slow enough to photograph mid-scroll, and the
boot died on CPU 1's "cpu1: starting": CPU 0 spun 200M times on the console
lock while CPU 1 held it, scrolling, and called it a deadlock.
The framebuffer is device memory in the uncached 3-4 GB page of the direct
map. QEMU's stdvga is RAM underneath, so nothing showed there; on a card,
gfx_scroll_up's memmove read the whole screen back across the bus one byte
at a time, and every anti-aliased glyph read back each pixel it blended.
So the console now draws into a copy of the screen in RAM (vmap_alloc: kalloc
pages behind a page table of their own, since nothing needs it contiguous),
and gfx_flush() copies the changed rectangle onto the card through an
ioremap_wc() mapping -- PAT entry 4 set to write-combining on every CPU.
Flushes happen where drawing ends: a message, a terminal write, an echo, a
terminal switch. Scrolling moves eight bytes at a time instead of one.
/dev/fb0 reads and writes the card itself, as before. The early console's
fb_info now carries the physical address it always should have.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01S1giNvrHTrPMPw7V6x1kQ4
The firmware's AML is now interpreted. uACPI 6.1.1 (MIT) is fetched by
ports/uacpi, checksum-verified, and compiled into the kernel unmodified,
the same way lwIP is. kernel/acpi/host.c is its host layer: memory,
mapping, port and PCI config I/O, time, mutexes and events that spin
before the scheduler exists, the SCI, and an "acpi" thread for the
work the SCI defers.
PCI interrupts go where the board says. pci_init() now routes every
device's INTx through the root bridge's _PRT before drivers bind. It
follows link devices' _CRS, uses a bridge's own _PRT where the namespace
has one, and swizzles through bridges that don't. Before this, INTx
waited on the 8259's line number, which is the wrong pin in APIC mode.
irq_register() takes a trigger mode rather than a level/low flag,
because q35's links and most SCIs are level, active-high. The MADT's
interrupt source overrides are now parsed, and are what places the SCI.
The power button syncs the filesystems and powers off. shutdown() and
reboot() go through the firmware's S5 and reset register first, and
only then fall back to the emulators' ports, which a real board does
not answer.
Tested under QEMU: q35 with MSI off routes xHCI to GSI 22,
level/active-high, and it takes real interrupts with nothing polled.
system_powerdown powers off q35 and i440fx (QEMU exits 0), and q35
with 4 CPUs boots from NVMe with USB hot-plug working alongside.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01S1giNvrHTrPMPw7V6x1kQ4
Every one of these works under QEMU and stops a real machine:
- MADT processors that are "online capable" but not enabled were
counted as CPUs. AMD firmware lists absent cores that way (so does
QEMU with maxcpus), and startothers() then waited for ever for an
AP that does not exist. Only enabled entries count now, x2APIC
(type 9) entries are read too, and the wait is bounded to a second;
an AP that misses it is parked with INIT and the boot goes on.
- The PIT calibration loop had no bound. Recent boards clock-gate the
8254: the output never rises (a hang) or floats high (TSC "0 MHz"
and every clock thousands of times fast). The loop is bounded and
checked, and falls back to the ACPI PM timer, then CPUID 0x15/0x16.
Under QEMU pit=off the PM timer gives the same figures the PIT did.
- Firmware that hands over in x2APIC mode left lapic[] reading
garbage: cpunum() panicked or the timer never started. Each CPU is
switched back to xAPIC first (x2APIC -> disabled -> xAPIC).
- The IOAPIC was always at 0xFEC00000 and interrupts were aimed at
APIC ID "0". Both now come from the firmware's tables.
- INIT-to-STARTUP was 100 us ("Bochs is slow"); it is the 10 ms the
MP specification asks for.
- mouseinit() drained the 8042 with an unbounded loop. With no
controller the port reads 0xFF and the loop never ends. It now
notices there is no controller and skips the mouse.
Tested in QEMU: i440fx and q35, -smp 4, -smp 2,maxcpus=4, pit=off.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HH7xukt4aaiGj1nQEAoQf1
Nexoniarz is the sole author and SchOS was never published under
Apache-2.0, so this is a straight relicence. LICENSE is the FSF GPLv2 text,
every first-party SPDX header moves to GPL-2.0-or-later, and NOTICE,
README.md, docs/licensing.md and the site say so. projects/schfs-linux
follows the rest of the tree.
The GPL gives copyleft: a fork has to ship its source. It also lifts the
old "Linux drivers, never" rule, since GPL-2.0-only code combines with
GPL-2.0-or-later. "Or later" leaves room for GPLv3, but one binary still
has to pick one version, so docs/licensing.md now keeps Apache-2.0 and
GPLv3 code out of the kernel to keep Linux code possible there. BSD
4-clause code goes from "avoid" to "no", because the advertising clause
is GPL-incompatible.
LDLS still ships no .ko. That boundary is now project policy rather than
a legal requirement, and ldls.md, devices.md and licensing.md section 6
say so. refmod declares license=GPL, and ldls-check passes (27 checks).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Three things, and the first one is the freeze.
**The loader jumped out from under itself.** A machine with a lot of RAM
stopped at "Starting the kernel" with the splash still up: no panic, no reset,
nothing. The firmware's own exception handler had the answer the whole time,
once a machine was found that printed it:
X64 Exception Type - 0E(#PF - Page-Fault)
ExceptionData - 0x10 I:1 P:0
RIP - 0000000140004DEE <- the loader's own code, at 5.4 GB
RAX - 0000000000001000 <- the page tables it had just installed
RCX - 00000000001000F0 <- the kernel it was about to jump to
I:1 P:0 is an instruction fetch from a page that is not present. The loader
built page tables covering four gigabytes, loaded cr3 -- and the firmware had
placed the loader image *above* four gigabytes, so the next instruction fetch
was unmapped. It reproduces exactly on `-m 8G` and never on `-m 1G`, which is
why every test here passed.
The PDPT is one page whether four entries are filled or all 512, so all 512
are: 512 GB of identity map, replaced by kvmalloc() a few hundred instructions
later.
**And 3 GB was never the limit, it was a circle.** PHYSTOP_MAX was 0xC0000000
because kvmalloc() mapped exactly four 1 GB pages, and kvmalloc mapped four
because that was the cap -- each holding the other up, throwing away thirteen
gigabytes of a sixteen gigabyte machine. kvmalloc now maps as many gigabytes as
the machine has RAM and tells ioremap where the direct map stopped, instead of
ioremap assuming it stopped at four.
Freeing memory becomes two passes, and the ordering is forced rather than
chosen: kinit1() runs *before* kvmalloc because kvmalloc calls kalloc for its
own page tables, and freeing a page means writing into it -- so kinit1 can only
touch what the loader mapped. kinit_high() adds the rest afterwards.
`phystop` and the new `lowtop` are now two different numbers: the DMA arena
stays below 4 GB because a device is not obliged to reach the top of memory,
and an RTL8139's buffer address register is thirty-two bits wide.
**And the 0 MB.** The System Information screen reported "0 MB usable" on a
machine with sixteen gigabytes in it, because memory_mb() had its own 16 KB
guess at how big a memory map gets, and returned zero when GetMemoryMap said
EFI_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL. That is the same bug as the previous commit's, in a
second copy, and this one failed silently. There is one buffer and one
map_read() now.
Verified at 1 GB, 8 GB and 16 GB: all three boot, no traps, no panics, socktest
and memfdtest green in each. 8 GB and 16 GB did not boot at all before -- and
16 GB now reports 17408 MB with "mem: 13312 MB above 4 GB added to the
allocator", where the old kernel would have used three. Both display
configurations still clean.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
`jmp mpenter`.
x86-64 requires rsp to be 16-byte aligned immediately before a `call`, so a
function starts with rsp ending in 8 -- the return address -- and its
`push %rbp; mov %rsp,%rbp` prologue leaves %rbp 16-byte aligned. Compilers
build on that: an aligned vector store to a frame slot is `movaps`, and
`movaps` to a misaligned address is #GP.
entry64mp loaded the AP's stack pointer, which is page-aligned, and *jumped*.
Nothing pushed a return address, so %rbp came out eight bytes off -- on every
frame, on every application processor, for the life of the machine.
It cost nothing for as long as no function an AP ran needed an aligned vector
store. Then the console's glyph path started returning a small struct by value
(the cell-as-a-surface change), clang spilled it with movaps, and CPU 1 took a
#GP the instant it announced itself on a verbose boot:
unexpected trap 13 from cpu 1 rip ffff800000120a3b <draw_glyph_px+0x1cb>
120a37: 0f 10 45 90 movups -0x70(%rbp), %xmm0
120a3b: 0f 29 45 b0 movaps %xmm0, -0x50(%rbp) <- #GP
movups on the line above loads fine; movaps stores and faults. The
displacement is a multiple of 16, so what is misaligned is %rbp itself, which
is a fact about how the function was entered.
`call mpenter`, not `jmp`. Eight bytes for an ABI the whole toolchain assumes.
**It was hiding behind a second bug.** The first report was not a #GP at all:
Stop code ACQUIRE
#2 cprintf+0xae
#3 trap+0x2c4
trap() reported the fault with cprintf(), cprintf() takes the console lock,
and the faulting code was already holding it -- on a verbose boot every
character is drawn under that lock. acquire() panicked about a lock its own
call chain owned, and the trap number, the faulting address and the registers
were all lost. A kernel-mode trap ends in panic() a dozen lines later anyway,
so the console goes into panic mode *before* the report rather than during it.
**And a third, in the same boot.** The console reported "JetBrains Mono, 8x16
cells" -- a name from one font and metrics from another. The built-in bitmap
became a provider like any other in the previous commit, so draw_glyph_px()
installs it lazily on the first glyph; on a verbose boot that happens before
gfx_font_init() runs, which then returned early because a font was already
installed. The console spent the whole boot in the fallback while claiming not
to be. "A font is installed" and "a typeface was chosen" had been the same test
and quietly stopped being; they are two flags now.
Verified: verbose boot reaches a shell twice running with no traps and no
panics, and reports 10x21 cells -- the real typeface -- where it reported 8x16
before. Both supported configurations quiet: one boot each, no traps, no
panics, socktest and memfdtest green.
Written up as section 22 of docs/history/kernel.md, because the interesting
part is not the missing eight bytes but that three separate faults had to be
peeled off in order before the first one could be seen.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Four Gate 0 rows, and a fifth found while checking one of them.
**getrusage() did not distinguish RUSAGE_CHILDREN from RUSAGE_SELF**, which
undersells it: it ignored `who` entirely and reported the machine's *uptime*
as the caller's user time. Every process of every age answered with the same
number. Per-process CPU time is sampled at the timer tick now and split on the
interrupted privilege level; children's time is rolled up in wait() rather than
exit(), because RUSAGE_CHILDREN means *reaped* children and a running one has
not contributed yet.
**And wait4()'s fourth argument is a `struct rusage *` that was read off the
stack and thrown away.** That is the one shells actually use -- wait3() is the
same syscall with pid -1 -- so zsh's `time` reported
16777216.01s user 1073.78s system 927983249% cpu
for every command. 2^24 seconds is uninitialised memory, and it did not vary
with the workload because it was never written. Now:
busy loop 2.66s user 97% cpu 2.720 total
sleep 2 0.02s user 0% cpu 2.248 total
ls -lR / 0.70s user 65% cpu 1.070 total
**ru_stime is a structural zero and says so.** MSR_SFMASK includes FL_IF, so
SYSCALL clears interrupts and no tick can land while a process is inside a
syscall. Tick sampling cannot see kernel time at all here. Charging it needs
TSC deltas closed and reopened around every sched(), which is scheduler
accounting rather than sampling; the limitation is written down in
docs/architecture/kernel.md rather than papered over.
**/proc/<pid>/exe is a symlink.** It also needed a real st_size, and every
other procfs file deliberately reports zero -- readlink(2) bounds its copy by
it, so a symlink of size 0 resolves to the empty string, which looks like it
worked and is worse than the regular file was. Generating that one path in
ilock() costs one small render per stat() of one file.
**OVMF memory reporting is closed**: 1 GB reports 1017 MB usable, 2 GB reports
2041 MB. The firmware keeps about 7 MB either way, which is the right shape.
**And `ps` printed a header and nothing else**, which is not in any list
because nobody had run it. `ps` with no arguments shows only processes on
*this* terminal; /proc/<pid>/stat hardcoded tty_nr to 0, so nothing could ever
match. `ps -e` always worked, which is exactly what hid it. p->ctty was already
tracked -- procfs simply was not asked. Fields 14..17 were hardcoded zero too,
so TIME read 00:00:00 however long a process had run; they carry the new
counters now, and a shell that has burned 653 ticks reports 00:00:06.
Verified: utime climbs 18 -> 653 across a loop in the shell itself, `ps` lists
its own terminal, `ps -e` still lists everything, `readlink /proc/1/exe` gives
/bin/schinit, and sigtest/$()/rename/dmesg are all still green.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
One to four processes died per boot with a fault they could not have caused:
`rip 0x0` -- an instruction fetch at zero, which a process does not branch to
-- or a dereference of `0xffffffffffffffea`, which is `-EINVAL`. It hit shells
and schinitd alike and had been carried for a long time as "zsh sometimes jumps
into .data".
`syscall_entry` has to swap FS_BASE from the user's TLS to the kernel's before
it can touch any `%fs:` data, and `wrmsr` destroys rax, rcx and rdx. Those have
to be parked somewhere first -- not on the user stack, which is untrusted and
has not been switched away from yet. They were parked in three globals:
// Single-CPU scratch for syscall_entry FS swap
// (safe while IF cleared by SYSCALL/SFMASK)
uint64 _sc_rax, _sc_rcx, _sc_rdx;
IF being clear answers for an interrupt arriving on *this* CPU. It says nothing
whatever about a second CPU executing the same three stores at the same
instant, and with more than one processor entering syscalls that is not a rare
interleaving -- it is the ordinary one.
**%rcx is the user return address.** SYSCALL puts the user's rip there and
SYSRET takes it back from there. So the CPU that lost the race returned its
process into *another process's* instruction stream, with %rax -- the syscall
number on the way in, the return value on the way out -- swapped alongside it.
Both symptoms fall straight out of that: a zero handed over and followed, and
an errno used as a pointer.
Per-CPU words at %gs:32..48 now. %gs is usable there, before the FS swap, for
exactly the reason RESTORE_KERNEL_FS can already read %gs:0: GS base is per-CPU
in hardware, seginit() sets it once, and userspace cannot change it --
sys_arch_prctl() implements ARCH_SET_FS and ARCH_GET_FS and rejects the rest.
Measured rather than argued. Both variants built once, `build/esp` saved for
each, the same pristine schfs.img restored before every boot, -smp 4:
three globals 10 boots 10 faults, in five of the ten
three per-CPU 18 boots 0 faults
A _Static_assert pins all seven per-CPU offsets, because trapasm.S spells them
as literals and cannot include a header -- a slot that moves would leave a
register quietly holding somebody else's value, which is the hardest possible
thing to find.
**This is the second bug of this exact shape in this file.** The first was
`kernel_fs_base`, a single global every CPU wrote during its own seginit(), so
the last writer won and every CPU restored one CPU's per-CPU block;
RESTORE_KERNEL_FS reads %gs:0 for that reason. The lesson generalises and is
now written down in both places: **on the entry path, a global is a bug.**
Closes the row added to Gate 0 four commits ago. It was the right row to put
first -- a compositor built on this would have failed in ways indistinguishable
from its own bugs.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Painting every kernel stack at allocation and scanning it on each trap puts the
high-water mark at **3736 of 4096 bytes** -- 91%, in netd, inside lwIP's input
path. 360 bytes of headroom on a kernel that takes interrupts on the current
stack is not headroom: a timer landing at that depth pushes a trapframe and
runs trap() straight off the bottom of the page and into whatever kalloc handed
out next, which is very often another process's kernel stack.
The canary at kstack[0] did not catch this and could not have. It is checked on
trap entry and exit, and a frame allocated in one `sub $N, %rsp` steps clean
over the bottom eight bytes and writes below them without ever touching it. It
catches a slow walk past the end, not one deep call.
8192 now, and the stacks are static -- one per ptable slot, NPROC * KSTACKSIZE
= 1 MB of BSS. Static rather than a bigger kalloc because kalloc() hands out
exactly one page and there is no contiguous multi-page allocator to ask. A
process's slot is fixed for its lifetime, so the stack belonging to that slot is
the natural answer: no allocation to fail, no free to forget, and the kalloc
failure path in allocproc() goes away with it. The page was being paid for out
of kalloc before, one at a time, and undercounted.
**And the AP scheduler stack was already wrong.** startothers() did
`stack = kalloc()` for one page and then handed the AP `stack + KSTACKSIZE` as
its stack top. Exactly right for as long as KSTACKSIZE happened to equal
PGSIZE, and a whole page past the allocation the moment it did not -- which
this commit would have made true. That is not a throwaway boot stack either:
the AP runs mpmain() and then scheduler() on it for the rest of the machine's
life, and takes interrupts on it whenever no process is current. Static too,
NCPU of them.
**This does not fix the intermittent zsh crash**, and the measurement above was
taken while looking for it. It is worth saying plainly: 1-3 shells per boot
still die, so the hypothesis was wrong and the stack was a separate latent bug
that the search turned up.
What the search did establish is worth more than the guess was:
- **It is SMP-only.** Three boots at -smp 1: zero faults. Three at -smp 2:
one, three, one.
- **It is not only zsh.** schinitd took one too.
- **The faults name their cause if you print enough.** `rip 0x0` is a process
handed a zero and following it, not a process that branched anywhere. And
schinitd's `addr 0xffffffffffffffea` is -22, which is -EINVAL: a call
returned an error and the caller used it as a pointer.
So trap.c dumps registers, segments, and the top of the user stack for a fault
at rip below a page or a faulting address near zero, the way it already did for
a GP fault. Neither of the two facts above was visible from the one-line
report, and both came out of the first dump that included them.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
A boot printed about thirty lines before reaching a prompt. Every one was
useful once, and printed on every boot for ever they train the person in front
of the machine to stop reading their own console -- which is expensive on the
day one of them changes.
SchOS UEFI loader
Press F8 for boot options... booting
Welcome to SchOS! (F8 at boot for the full log, or dmesg once you are in)
root@schos / »
**Nothing was deleted, it was routed.** consputc() already wrote to the klog
ring before anywhere else, so a line can be kept in full while being held back
from the two places a person looks. kinfo() is cprintf() with that routing, and
`dmesg` still has the whole boot with timestamps afterwards. The rule for which
is which is not how interesting a line is -- everything was interesting to
somebody once -- but whether you would want to see it on a machine that is
*working*. `pci: 7 devices` is yes the first time and no every time after;
`e1000: no DMA memory for the rings` is yes for ever and stays a cprintf.
The verbose boot the F8 menu already offered now means something much bigger,
which is the other half of this: it is the only way to see any of it live.
Userspace follows through /proc/bootmode, one word. schinit, schinitd and vgpud
hold back their progress lines and never their failures -- a supervisor that
goes quiet when a job dies is worse than one that chatters.
Two things found by testing rather than by reading:
- schinit read /proc/bootmode *before* bootstrap() mounted /proc, so it got
"quiet" every time and the verbose boot was quiet in the one process that
runs first. It reads after the mount now.
- resolvconf announced "already exists; -f to replace it" on every boot after
the first, which is a line about having done nothing. It is quiet when the
file already says what it would have written, and speaks only when the two
disagree -- which means the nameserver changed and the machine is using the
old one.
Verified both ways: quiet boot is six lines, a forced-verbose build prints all
thirty plus the `verbose boot:` steps, and /proc/kmsg holds every line in both.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
schdbgd bridges TCP to the debugger, which is the one way in that does not
need you to be sitting at the machine. It is a bridge and nothing else: a line
in becomes a line written to /dev/dbgro and the answer comes back, so `nc` is a
complete client and there is no clever client to be broken on the day you need
this.
# schdbgd &
schdbgd: debugger on port 4444, loopback only
$ nc 127.0.0.1 4444
dma
arena 0xffff80003da41000-0xffff80003ea41000 16384 KB total, ...
A kernel debugger plus a TCP socket is a remote root hole, so three things were
decided rather than discovered:
- It does not start by itself. schdbgd.job ships Disabled. SchOS has no
kernel command line, so the boot flag the plan asked for is the job
manifest, which is the same thing in this system's own idiom.
- It binds loopback; -a names an address and says so in a paragraph.
- It cannot reach a view that changes state, enforced in the kernel.
That last one is /dev/dbgro: /dev/dbg on minor 1. The minor is the one piece of
per-open state a character device already sees, so which node you opened is the
permission -- nothing to latch, nothing to remember between the write and the
read, no way across. Which views are refused comes from dbg_register_rw() on
the registration itself, because a central list of dangerous views goes stale
in the direction where a new view is quietly treated as safe. Today that is
`watch <addr>`; `watch` with no argument is still the listing and still
answered.
Also: socket() now accepts IPPROTO_TCP with SOCK_STREAM and IPPROTO_UDP with
SOCK_DGRAM. They name the default rather than departing from it, and toybox's
nc writes them out -- so TCP was "Protocol not supported" on a system whose
whole network is TCP.
docs/plan/debugger.md retires into docs/architecture/debugging.md; 16 files
repointed. Every plan in docs/plan/ that was open is now closed, so the next
thing is Gate 0 itself: the survey, with the instrument built.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
e1000 -- Linux's, unmodified -- probes, opens, gets an address by DHCP and
carries ping traffic in a SchOS process. The kernel was driving that NIC and
gave it up, which makes it the first real handover as well as the second
driver.
None of what it needed was a missing feature. Every one was a call that
succeeded, returned zero and did nothing:
_find_next_bit "bit 0 is set" -- for_each_cpu never ended
netif_carrier_off carrier already up -- TCTL.EN never set
__x86_indirect_thunk_r8 the jump discarded -- 255 rx buffers, none made
dma_map_page_attrs bus address 0 -- NIC aimed at physical 0
so the rule from memcpy is now general: a stub returning zero is unsafe
wherever zero is a meaningful answer.
The loader grew ko_fixup_percpu(). The stack guard turned out to be one
per-CPU variable among several; `current` cannot be defused because the driver
dereferences it. Taking the %gs off instead leaves the same opcode reading the
same width from storage the host supplies -- a per-CPU variable in a
single-threaded host is just a variable. Eight bytes become seven and a nop,
and the displacement is not always last, so there is now just enough of an x86
decoder in ko.c to know how long the instruction is.
ldls/kpi/thunk.c is fifteen lines of assembly and the highest-value file here:
retpolines are control flow, and a stub cannot stand in for a jump.
The kernel side:
- ioperm.c, the TSS I/O permission bitmap. A driver's outl is an instruction,
not a call, and e1000's reset path picks it deliberately. IOPL=3 would hand
over the PIC and the disk with it, so it is per-port. Writing it found that
the I/O map base had been written at offset 64 rather than 102, leaving the
CPU checking ports 0-831 against the TSS's own RSP0.
- claim masks the device's IRQ line: 450,000 a second, otherwise.
- net_detach(), the missing half of net_attach_late(). An interface left in
the stack keeps its route and sends every frame to a driver that refuses
it, which looks exactly like a userspace driver that does not work.
- e1000_release() gives up the interface, not just the hardware.
8139too still passes 4/4; ldls-check still passes 27; four CPUs, no panic.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
docs/plan/debugger.md D3 and D4, which finish the plan apart from the
network transport.
D3 -- `whose <addr>`. The views each speak for one subsystem, which is what
keeps them cheap and current, and it is exactly why none of them can see
the bug that matters: a page on the DMA arena's free list looks fine from
dma.c, the same page on kalloc's free list looks fine from kalloc.c, and
that it is on both is a fact no single subsystem holds.
# schdbg whose 0x3e239000
phys 0x000000003e239000 kernel va 0xffff80003e239000
dma arena, handed out
pcidma slot 2, 0 KB into a 4000 KB block given to pid 4 (vgpud)
mapped pid 4 (vgpud) at 0x000000004000d000 rwu vma[5] no_free
consistent: 1 owner, 1 mapping(s)
Claimants register the way views do -- one line in the file that owns the
data -- so the kernel image, the log region, the arena, the page allocator,
the pciuser DMA blocks and every page table each answer for themselves.
`mapped` is the one no allocator can answer: there is no reverse map, so
vm_walk_user() goes forward over every mapped page of every live process.
Two verdicts are shouted and everything else is reported as fact. More than
one owner means the second allocator to hand the page out is handing out
memory the first is still using -- the H2 bug, which would have printed as
three lines. Free-but-still-mapped means a page will be given away from
under the page tables that point at it. Deliberately *not* a finding: no
owner at all, because kalloc keeps a free list and no record of what it has
handed out, so an ordinary allocated page has nobody to speak for it and
saying otherwise would be the query crying wolf.
D4 -- watchpoints, on the four debug registers that had been sitting unused
since this kernel was written. Armed against the same framebuffer page and
then killing the driver:
watch 0: 0xffff80003e239000 written, 8 byte(s), by stosq+0x1f, pid 12 vgpud
#0 memset+0xba
#1 dma_alloc+0x2e2
#2 do_dma+0x22a
#3 pciuser_ioctl+0x13b
#4 sys_ioctl+0x3c7
#5 syscall+0xf6
The chain is the answer, not the rip. It reports and continues -- a data
watchpoint is a trap, delivered after the store completes, so returning
carries on with the program none the wiser, which is what lets this be used
on a machine that is still running.
Debug registers are per-CPU and there is no general IPI here, so the table
carries a generation number and each CPU reloads from its timer interrupt
when it notices the number has moved: one comparison per tick, one tick of
latency at worst. `watch` prints which CPUs have caught up, because "this
watchpoint is watching" and "this watchpoint is watching one CPU" must not
look the same.
Also fixed while testing: watch_init() was called from mpmain(), which runs
on every processor, so the command appeared in the list once per CPU.
dbg_register() now refuses a duplicate name outright, so the next init that
runs per-CPU fails loudly in the list rather than quietly doubling it.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
docs/plan/debugger.md, milestones D0, D1 and D2. What they replace is the
ninety-second loop -- add a cprintf, rebuild, boot, read the serial log --
which answers exactly the one question you thought of before the rebuild.
The rule the shape follows: **it observes, it does not control.** No
stepping, no software breakpoints, no stopping the world. Half the bugs
this kernel produces are timing -- an interrupt storm, a level-triggered
line nobody acknowledges, a driver that faults only on its second start --
and every one of them disappears when you halt the machine to look. And
the layering rule, which is the circularity rule the display already has:
a debugger that needs lwIP cannot debug lwIP.
D0 -- symbols. tools/ksyms.pl turns the first link pass into a table the
second pass carries. Two passes is enough because .ksym is placed after
.text and .rodata, so carrying the table cannot move anything recorded in
it; the build lists both passes' text symbols and refuses to link if they
ever disagree, because a symbol table that is subtly wrong gives confident
false answers. ksym.c reads it through weak symbols, so pass one -- which
has no table -- still links. A crash chain now reads panic+0x5f <-
proc_sysrq_cmd+0x99 <- ... <- syscall+0xf6.
D1 -- a log that outlives the kernel. Every character through consputc()
lands in a byte ring with a timestamp per line, readable as /proc/kmsg.
It sits in a region carved before the page allocator gets anything, with a
magic header, so a kernel finds the previous kernel's log still there --
including the whole PSOGM report. panic.c's own comment said "there is no
core dump and no log to go back to"; that is no longer true.
The obvious place for it is the top of RAM beside the DMA arena. That
was the first attempt and the magic came back as ASCII on the reboot,
because the top of usable memory is exactly where the firmware makes its
own allocations. It lives above the kernel image instead, which is a
stable address across boots of the same build.
D2 -- the introspection registry. A subsystem publishes its state with one
line at the bottom of the file that owns the data:
dbg_register("dma", dma_dump, "the DMA arena's free extents");
Seven views -- dma, mem, proc, vma, claims, pci, sock -- reachable three
ways: sysrq 'g' (always, no process and no filesystem), /dev/dbg (echo a
line, cat the answer), and schdbg. The protocol is lines of text because
the same bytes have to work where nothing can allocate or frame a record,
and because a protocol you cannot drive by hand is one you cannot debug.
struct sbuf moved out of kernel/dev/procfs.c into include/sbuf.h rather
than being written a second time.
Several views exist because of a specific bug. `vma` is the table that
decides whether exit() frees a page, and the DMA ownership bug that made
this worth building was a block that was never in it.
Also fixed, found by building with clang for the first time in a while:
struct iovec was defined in both posix.h and socket.h, and every file that
included both was a redefinition. GCC 15 defaults to C23, which permits an
identical struct redeclaration, so the gcc path never noticed -- while
clang defaults to gnu17 and rejected it, breaking the one toolchain
shell.nix exists to provide and the UEFI loader requires. Both are now
guarded.
D3 (`whose <addr>`, the cross-subsystem ownership query) and D4 (hardware
watchpoints on DR0-DR3) are not built and are described honestly as
missing in the architecture doc's "What it does not do".
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
A timer interrupt that arrives while interrupts are disabled is not delayed,
it is lost -- the LAPIC in periodic mode holds one pending interrupt and drops
the rest. So anything the kernel does with interrupts off for longer than
10 ms makes `ticks` run slow, and it never catches up.
That has now presented twice as "uptime is wrong": once as an interrupt storm
taking 83% of the CPU, once as heavy console output on a display that is
expensive to draw to. Both times the tick was the messenger, and both times it
looked like a timekeeping bug.
monotonic() reads the TSC instead. It is a counter in the silicon that
advances whether or not this kernel is paying attention, it is already
measured against the PIT at boot, and reading it is one instruction and no
lock. wallclock(), /proc/uptime, sysinfo, getrusage and times() all go through
it now.
`ticks` keeps the job it is good at -- the scheduler preempts on it, sleep()
counts it -- where losing one means a slightly longer sleep rather than a
wrong answer about what time it is.
Lost ticks are no longer harmful, which makes them invisible, which is worse.
So /proc/interrupts now says
timer: 3383 ticks taken, 3387 expected
and names the gap when it grows, because a machine dropping timer interrupts
is spending too long with interrupts disabled, and that is worth knowing
before it turns into a clock that lies.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
fastfetch reported 3 seconds of uptime after 15 real ones, `time` claimed
3.12s for a 20-second command, and ping's one-second interval was closer to
six. One cause, not three: `ticks` was advancing at ~14.5 Hz instead of 100.
It was not the timer. virtio-gpu-pci shares IRQ 11 with the e1000 and
registered no interrupt handler at all. PCI INTx is level-triggered, so the
device held the line asserted, the kernel signalled EOI, and it fired again
immediately -- 72,000 interrupts a second, 83% of CPU0, starving the tick.
The e1000's handler read ICR as zero half a million times, correctly
answering "not mine", which is what made it look like a network-free problem.
Reading virtio's ISR byte clears it and drops the line. That is the fix.
irq_dispatch now measures each line's rate against the TSC -- not ticks,
which is the first casualty of a storm -- and names the attached handlers
once above 20000/s. It reproduces the original fault as a single line.
Found along the way, and fixed because they were real:
- lapicinit loaded TICR with xv6's uncalibrated 10000000, whose own comment
admitted it was never measured. calibrate_timers() now measures the LAPIC
and the TSC against the 8254 PIT. (It came back at 999.9 MHz, so this was
not the bug -- but the next machine is not obliged to be 1 GHz.)
- microdelay() was an empty function body. Every microdelay(1000) in the
xHCI reset path and the USB hub power-on sequence returned instantly.
- HZ is a constant in param.h now, not the literal 100 written out at a
dozen ticks-to-seconds conversions. USER_HZ is separate and deliberately
does not follow it: musl answers sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) with 100 always, so
times() and /proc/stat scale at the syscall boundary the way Linux does.
- TIOCGWINSZ answered a hardcoded 24x80. gfx_cols()/gfx_rows() have known
the real geometry all along; at 1024x768 the console is 128x48, so every
program that lays out a screen was formatting for the wrong one.
- TCFLSH fell through to the catch-all `return 0`, claiming to discard
input without discarding any.
uptime now advances 5.01 seconds per 5 real seconds. schfs-check passes.
Full investigation, including the two wrong hypotheses and the measurement
flaw that protected them, in docs/history/kernel.md section 13.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
docs/ was ten files where a plan, a description, a guide and a bug report all
sat next to each other. It is now architecture/ (what SchOS is), plan/ (what it
will be), guides/ (how to work on it) and history/ (why it is like this), with
an index that states the one rule holding it together: when something is
finished it moves from plan/ to architecture/ and is rewritten as a description
of the thing rather than a record of building it.
A ticked checkbox says the work happened. It does not say what the work
*produced*, and six months later the checkbox is all that is left. The network
stack proved the point: finished, verified end to end, and for a month the only
description of it anywhere was a checkbox four levels of indentation deep.
So roadmap.md went from 534 lines to 181 -- nothing deleted, the done work
graduated. Seven subsystems that were finished and undescribed now have
descriptions: boot, kernel, syscalls, filesystem, networking, graphics, usb,
init. Every one ends with "What it does not do", which is the section that pays;
a document listing only strengths is marketing, and the reader who needs it most
is the one about to trip over a limitation nobody wrote down.
schfs.md still opened with "phases 1 through 3 1/2 are done, phase 4 is next"
long after all five had landed. It is a description now, with the phase record
and the hard-won bugs moved to history/.
Three corrections found on the way, all load-bearing:
* projects/schcom/README.md claimed SCM_RIGHTS was done. There is no
sendmsg/recvmsg in the kernel at all, and an entire GUI plan rested on it.
* The root README said "No TCP/IP" months after the stack landed.
* history/kernel.md sec.7 was marked "in progress" on a problem that process
groups solved.
Also adds plan/1.0.md, which draws a finish line so the open list stops being
infinite, and marks schwm/ and schde/ superseded: in Wayland the compositor is
the window manager, so that split dissolves rather than being abandoned.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VQ7Qx8E1q1M1bbCq8QLHS2
Same disease as the network stack, one subsystem over. kernel/dev/vga.c
was three things wearing one name: the owner of the framebuffer, a
bitmap drawing library, and the text console. Only the first is a
driver, and because they shared a file they shared a prefix -- so
panic.c drew the crash screen with vga_fill_rect, console.c printed with
vga_putc, /dev/fb0 handed out vga_fb_phys, and every one of those files
named a display driver it had no business knowing about.
Split three ways:
- kernel/drivers/gpu/vga/vga_fb.c owns the VBE framebuffer -- the mode
the loader programmed and handed over, the aperture, and the display
class vtable. It is a driver and now lives with the driver that
finds the card on the bus.
- kernel/dev/gfx.c draws: pixels, shapes, glyphs, the cursor, scroll,
the ANSI erase operations. It names no driver. The framebuffer
arrives through gfx_attach_scanout(), so a driver publishes what it
owns and this file draws on it without knowing what it is.
- include/gfx.h is the interface, and says why it is deliberately not
the display class: that one is about frames -- acquire, present,
vblank -- and the crash screen has to work when nothing else does.
main() no longer calls a display driver. platform_register_devices()
takes the framebuffer address and brings up whatever owns it, which is
where driver names belong; kernel/drivers/registry.c is the file whose
entire job is naming every driver in the kernel.
virtio-gpu got the e1000 treatment as well: instances in an array, the
instance hung on dev->priv by an `attached` hook, and every op reading
it rather than a file-static. It refused the second adapter outright
before, which is not hypothetical -- integrated plus discrete is an
ordinary laptop. The VGA driver deliberately has no such hook, and says
so: there is one framebuffer the loader programmed however many
VGA-class controllers the bus turns up, and a second one publishing the
same scanout is the truth rather than a bug.
Private headers moved next to their drivers: include/virtio.h and
include/xhci.h each had exactly one includer. include/ is for headers
the rest of the kernel needs.
Deleted rather than moved: consoleinit() programmed the sixteen ANSI
colours into the VGA DAC and disabled text-mode blink, by writing ports
0x3C0-0x3C9 from the console. The comment three lines above the colour
table already said this does nothing in a 32bpp linear mode -- there is
no palette to index -- so it was both dead and in the wrong file.
Verified, and this is a refactor so the evidence is that nothing moved:
- bootcheck -Fb -Net: 59 [ok], no failures. That covers the console
through every command, /dev/fb0's geometry, writing pixels through
write() and mapping the framebuffer through mmap.
- make crashshot: the crash screen renders exactly as before --
shapes, glyphs, logo and QR code -- which is the whole of gfx.c
exercised at once, in a panic, with the scanout attached by a driver.
- make schcom-test: five pixel assertions from the host oracle still
pass, so the display class and the compositor above it are unmoved.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Groundwork for the unified loader: before the two paths can share code,
they have to agree on what they are producing, and until now they only
agreed by coincidence.
Every field of the loader/kernel hand-off was #defined in whichever file
happened to need it -- kernel/core/main.c, kernel/dev/vga.c,
kernel/arch/x86_64/e820.c, boot/bios/cdboot.S, boot/bios/stage2main.c and
boot/uefi/main.c, six copies of the same addresses. schboot.h existed for
exactly this and held only the entry magic and the RSDP slot, with a
comment describing the rest of the block it did not define.
The whole block lives there now: the VBE info fields, the verbose and
media flags (with the real-mode segment:offset spelling cdboot.S needs),
the e820 count, map and cap, and the RSDP. Every one of those files
includes it instead of restating it.
This is not a tidy-up. It is the same hazard as defining the entry magic
twice, only quieter -- nothing breaks until one copy moves, and the two
loaders diverging is precisely what produced the EFER.SCE and RSDP bugs,
where a fix on one path silently did not exist on the other.
Verified on both firmwares: BIOS boots to schinit with the same e820,
ACPI and VGA lines as before; UEFI reaches cpu0 with 1018 MB in 7 regions
and its own 1280x800 mode. `make iso` still builds. bootcheck 108 [ok].
Next: the loaders become starters that gather firmware-specific facts and
hand to one common stage. That needs the BIOS side to climb to long mode
first, since common code can only be compiled for one CPU mode -- which
is the risky part, and is why the contract went first.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
find_rsdp() scanned the EBDA and 0xE0000-0x100000. That is a BIOS
convention, and UEFI firmware is under no obligation to leave a copy
there -- OVMF does not. So the kernel found no RSDP, no MADT and no
IOAPIC, and nothing routed IRQ 4. Serial output is polled, so the machine
booted all the way to a shell prompt and then ignored every key, which
reads as a broken console rather than a missing table.
The UEFI loader reads the RSDP out of the EFI configuration table,
preferring ACPI 2.0 for its XSDT, and leaves it at SCHBOOT_RSDP_ADDR --
the same low-memory hand-off block the e820 map already uses, now
described in include/schboot.h so the two sides cannot disagree.
The kernel validates it rather than trusting it: the BIOS path never
writes that slot, so there it holds whatever was in memory, and following
a wild pointer faults before there is anything to report the fault with.
Signature and checksum do that. It deliberately does not require 16-byte
alignment -- that rule is about searching the BIOS area, and OVMF's RSDP
sits at 0x3f77e014, so demanding it threw away the one address this code
exists to use.
UEFI now reports "acpi: 1 cpu, lapic at ..., ioapic id 0" and the ISO
boots to an interactive shell: uname, ls /bin (241), writing and reading
a file, ps, /proc/schfs -- all driven over serial.
BIOS unchanged: bootcheck 108 [ok], same ACPI line as before.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The 32-bit entry sets EFER.SCE on its way into long mode. entry64uefi
skips that bootstrap entirely, because firmware has already done the mode
switch -- and with it skipped the one bit in there that is not about
paging. UEFI has no reason to set SCE and does not, so the kernel came up
with SYSCALL disabled.
Nothing noticed until the UEFI path first got far enough to run a user
program, at which point the first sysretq raised #UD: "unexpected trap 6
... rip <syscall_trapret>" in pid 1, at zero ticks.
Read-modify-write, because LME and LMA are already set by firmware and
have to stay.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Every driver reached its registers with P2V(bar.base), which assumes the
BAR sits inside the 0-4 GB the direct map covers. Under SeaBIOS it always
does. Under OVMF it does not: firmware may place a 64-bit BAR anywhere,
and it puts virtio-gpu's at about 768 GB. P2V produced an address with no
translation behind it, so the driver's first register write took a page
fault, then a double fault, then a triple fault and a reboot loop --
which, coming from a driver bind, reads as broken hardware rather than a
missing mapping.
ioremap() carries each region on a 1 GB page in PDPT entries 4-511, which
were unused: the direct map occupies 0-3, and kpml4[0], kpml4[KERNBASE]
and every process's PML4 all share that one table, so a mapping appears
in every address space at once with no page table to allocate. The pages
are cache-disabled and write-through for the same reason the top GB of
the direct map is -- these are registers, and a write sitting in a cache
line is a write the device never sees.
A physical address below 4 GB returns the direct-map address unchanged,
so the BIOS path, where every BAR is low, is byte for byte what it was.
virtio-gpu now initialises under OVMF (1280x800, queue 64) instead of
triple faulting. e1000 and xhci had the identical latent bug; xhci was
already refusing to bind above 4 GB with a comment saying the mapping did
not exist yet, and now it does.
BIOS unchanged: bootcheck 108 [ok] with -Fb -Tty -Usb -Sock -Evdev -Ps,
e1000 and xhci both binding.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
e820_init() took the usable run *containing the kernel* and treated its
end as the top of RAM, and kinit1() walked a single range from the end
of the kernel image to there. That is the shape of a BIOS map. It is
not the shape of a UEFI one: OVMF places an ACPI NVS region at 8 MB,
so the kernel's run ended there, the map failed the PHYSTOP_MIN check,
and the kernel fell back to asserting 224 MB it had not measured --
then freed straight through the reserved hole anyway.
Keep the usable regions as a list as well as a top address. kinit1()
now frees each one, clipped to the window main() passes in, so the
holes are skipped rather than either freed or fatal. PHYSTOP still
means what it always did -- the top of what kalloc may hand out, and
the bound kfree() rejects pages above -- so no call site changes.
phystop comes from the largest region rather than the highest. The DMA
arena is carved off the top of PHYSTOP and must be physically
contiguous, and the largest region is the only one certain to have
room; a smaller region above it is left unfreed rather than raising
the bound past a hole, because kfree()'s check is worth more than the
pages it costs. Report the usable total separately from the top
address, since with a fragmented map they are different numbers and
printing one as the other is how 8 MB went unnoticed.
Verified on both paths. BIOS: unchanged at 1023 MB in 2 regions,
bootcheck 27/27. UEFI under OVMF: 1018 MB in 7 regions, up from the
8 MB that triggered the fallback, booting through vga, e1000, the RTC
and on to cpu0.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Loads the kernel from the ESP, places its ELF segments, records the
framebuffer, translates the UEFI memory map into E820 entries, exits boot
services, builds the page tables the kernel expects and jumps. Verified
under OVMF: the kernel starts, brings up PCI, VGA, e1000 and the RTC, and
reaches "cpu0: starting".
UEFI structures are written from the specification rather than importing
gnu-efi or EDK II -- a large dependency for two hundred lines of use, and
a licensing question the project does not need to answer. clang emits
PE/COFF directly, so this needs no new toolchain.
The kernel gained a second entry point. The multiboot entry is 32-bit
code that climbs into long mode itself, and firmware that already put us
there would have to drop back down only to climb out again -- a mode
switch whose failure mode is a triple fault with no console. So entry.S
publishes its 64-bit entry the same way it publishes the multiboot
header: a magic to scan for, SCH64BOO, with include/schboot.h owning the
constants so the two cannot disagree. That header goes *after* the
multiboot header, never before: header_addr says the multiboot header
lives at mboot_load_addr, and the BIOS loader computes the kernel's file
offset from it.
The kernel loads its own GDT at that entry rather than the loader doing
it. Arriving in long mode means arriving on the firmware's descriptors,
and the first thing depending on the kernel's own selectors faulted --
"unexpected trap 13 ... cs=38", a long way from the cause.
KNOWN LIMITATION, diagnosed and not yet fixed: e820_init takes the usable
run *containing the kernel*, which under OVMF ends at 8 MB -- the
firmware places an ACPI NVS region at 0x800000, so the run is genuinely
fragmented. The map is truthful and untruncated (21 entries); the
assumption of one contiguous run is BIOS-shaped. The fix is for the
kernel to free each usable region rather than one range, which touches
kalloc and deserves its own change rather than the tail of this one.
BIOS boot is unaffected: 27 checks, no failures.
boot/bios/ now holds the MBR, the El Torito stub and the real-mode stage
2; boot/uefi/ is empty and documented.
Separate directories rather than #ifdefs, because the two share almost
nothing. A BIOS loader lives in 16-bit real mode, reaches the firmware
through software interrupts, and walks itself up into long mode. A UEFI
loader is a 64-bit PE that the firmware has already placed in long mode
with paging on, calling services through a table of function pointers.
What they do share is the hand-off contract, which boot/README.md now
writes down: ELF segments placed, long mode, a 24-byte-entry memory map
at E820_MAP_ADDR, framebuffer geometry at VBE_INFO_ADDR.
That contract is the point of documenting it now. UEFI's GetMemoryMap
returns EFI_MEMORY_DESCRIPTORs, and the right move is to translate them
into the entries kernel/arch/x86_64/e820.c already parses rather than
teach the kernel a second format.
Build output paths under $(BUILD)/boot are unchanged; only sources moved.
Removes the "-unix" element and with it any trademark exposure to The
Open Group.
The split follows the ecosystem layout: SchOS is the system, and the
kernel has its own name. Kernel-identity strings are the only places
that take SchIFT -- uname(2) sysname, /proc/version, and the two licence
sentences that say "kernel" outright. That is what every Unix does here:
`uname -s` on Linux reports the kernel, not the distribution. Everything
a user reads as the product -- panic screen, boot menu, error prefixes,
docs, LICENSE, NOTICE -- is SchOS.
schunix.img is schos.img, the logo assets and the musl TLS patch are
renamed, and __SCHUNIX__ is __SCHOS__ (the define and the patch that
consumes it moved together).
Two things the rename broke, both found by the bootcheck suite:
- shmtest wrote "SCHUNIX-MMAP-OK" with a hardcoded length of 15 and
compared it back by hand-counted offsets (m[3]=='U', m[14]=='K').
The shorter marker left the write running two bytes past the literal
and the compare reading past the data, failing a file-backed mmap
that was working correctly. Now written and compared through one
constant with sizeof.
- bootcheck asserted a 31-byte file after appending to
"hello-from-schunix"; the shorter string makes it 29.
Both are the same mistake: a string literal whose length is written out
somewhere else. Full suite green -- base, Tty, Ps, Sock, Fb, Usb, Evdev.
An x86-64 operating system built from xv6, now largely rewritten: SMP,
a copy-on-write root filesystem (SchFS), PCI/USB/virtio drivers, a TTF
rasteriser, and a Linux-numbered syscall ABI.
No history before this point -- the tree was never under version control.
This commit exists so the rename that follows has something to undo to.
Nexoniarz