SchOS/docs/guides/adding-a-driver.md

# Adding a driver

The device model itself is described in
[../architecture/devices.md](../architecture/devices.md). This is the procedure.

---

## Where to get one from

**The best source is the specification, not another kernel.** xHCI, AHCI,
virtio, NVMe and the Intel datasheets are public documents with no licence on
what you write from them. `kernel/drivers/bus/xhci/xhci.c` came from the spec,
and so did `net/e1000/` and `gpu/virtio_gpu/`.

**Three sources, in the order to try them:**

1. **A native driver, written from the specification.** The default, and what every driver in the
   kernel is.
2. **Linux's own driver, unmodified, through LDLS** ([ldls.md](../architecture/ldls.md)), when the
   device is one Linux supports and SchOS cannot afford to write a driver for — a NIC with a PHY
   behind it, a GPU, a Wi-Fi card. It runs in a process, so a crash costs the interface and not the
   machine. This is how the laptop's Realtek NIC is driven.
3. **BSD or Linux code taken into the tree.** Licensing no longer forbids either: SchOS is
   GPL-2.0-or-later, so GPL-2.0-only code combines with it, and BSD-2/3 code can be used directly with
   a `NOTICE` entry — see [../licensing.md](../licensing.md). The reason to prefer 1 and 2 is
   maintenance, not law: a driver copied in is a driver that has to be tracked.

Reading another kernel to understand *hardware* is fine and normal.

One caveat about "port it from BSD" as a plan, learned by looking: FreeBSD's
`sys/dev/usb` is roughly 100k lines welded to newbus, devclass, `bus_dma`,
callouts, taskqueues and FreeBSD's locking. Porting it means porting FreeBSD's
device framework first and finding the USB stack somewhere underneath.

> **BSD is far more valuable as the reference you check yourself against than as
> the code you paste.** Read it when the spec is ambiguous — which it is, often —
> and write your own.

Where a *table* of constants is genuinely faster to transcribe than to retype
from a PDF — device IDs, register offsets — taking it from a BSD tree is fine
after the licence check, and goes in `NOTICE`. That is data; the logic stays
ours.

---

## The procedure

1. Write `kernel/drivers/<class>/<name>/<name>.c` exporting a
   `struct pci_driver` or `struct usb_driver`. One directory per driver, so a
   driver that grows a register header, a second source file or a firmware blob
   has somewhere to put it:

       kernel/drivers/
         registry.c
         gpu/vga/          gpu/virtio_gpu/
         net/e1000/  net/rtl8139/  net/r8169/
         storage/ahci/  storage/nvme/
         audio/ac97.c
         bus/xhci/
         usb/core/  usb/hid/  usb/storage/  usb/hub/

2. Declare it in `kernel/drivers/registry.c` and add it to the array.
3. Add the object to `KERN_DRIVERS` in the `Makefile`.
4. Fill in the **class vtable** for what it is, and point `.ops` at it. That is
   the whole of what the rest of the kernel sees:

   | class | vtable | consumer |
   |---|---|---|
   | `DEVCLASS_DISPLAY` | `struct display_ops` ([display.h](../../include/gfx/display.h)) | none today — Xorg draws through `/dev/fb0` |
   | `DEVCLASS_NET` | `struct netdev_ops` ([netdev.h](../../include/dev/netdev.h)) | the TCP/IP stack |
   | `DEVCLASS_AUDIO` | `struct audio_ops` | `/dev/dsp` |

   A display driver that owns a linear framebuffer also publishes it with
   `gfx_attach_scanout()` ([gfx.h](../../include/gfx/gfx.h)). That is what the text
   console and the crash screen draw on, and it is separate from the display
   class on purpose: the class is about *frames* — acquire, present, vblank —
   and the crash screen has to work when nothing else in the system does.

   A driver that fills these in never mentions its consumer, and its consumer
   never mentions it. Getting this wrong has a characteristic shape: the e1000
   shipped with `.ops = 0` and the network stack called `e1000_transmit()`
   directly, so `kernel/net/` was full of one driver's name and the second NIC
   driver would have had to edit the protocol stack to add itself.

Private headers go **next to the driver**, not in `include/`. The build adds
the driver's own directory to the include path, so `e1000.h` — a register map
that exactly one file has any use for — lives in `kernel/drivers/net/e1000/`.
`include/` is for headers the rest of the kernel needs.

Registration in the device model is automatic — `pci_bind()` and
`usb_bind_all()` publish whatever they claim, so a driver cannot forget to. Set
`devclass` on a USB driver, or the device lands in `other`.

A driver that can drive **more than one card at once** keeps its instances in
an array and implements `.attached`, which the bus calls once the `struct
device` exists; hang the instance on `dev->priv` there and read it back in
every op. It cannot be done inside `probe()`, because the device is published
afterwards. Skipping this is how a driver ends up refusing the second card, as
the e1000 did until it was asked to drive two.

The best source for a new driver is the **specification**, not another kernel:
xHCI, AHCI, virtio, NVMe and the Intel datasheets are public documents with no
licence on what you write from them. `kernel/drivers/bus/xhci/xhci.c` came from the spec, and so did
`net/e1000/` and `gpu/virtio_gpu/`. Where a *table* of constants is genuinely
faster to transcribe than to retype from a PDF -- device IDs, register offsets --
taking it from a BSD tree is fine after the licence check, and goes in `NOTICE`.
That is data; the logic stays ours.

---

## Checklist

- [ ] One directory under `kernel/drivers/<class>/<name>/`
- [ ] Exports a `struct pci_driver` or `struct usb_driver`
- [ ] Declared in `kernel/drivers/registry.c` **and** added to its array
- [ ] Object added to `KERN_DRIVERS` in the `Makefile`
- [ ] Class vtable filled in and `.ops` pointed at it
- [ ] `.attached` implemented if it can drive more than one card
- [ ] `devclass` set, if it is a USB driver
- [ ] Private headers next to the driver, not in `include/`
- [ ] A `NOTICE` entry, if anything was copied — **before** the commit, not after
- [ ] A selftest reachable from `/proc/sysrq`, if the class has one
      (`netdev_selftest` is the model)